转自: http://www.blogjava.net/max/category/16130.html
Struts 2中的表达式语言
Struts 2支持以下几种表达式语言:
- OGNL(Object-Graph Navigation Language),可以方便地操作对象属性的开源表达式语言;
- JSTL(JSP Standard Tag Library),JSP 2.0集成的标准的表达式语言;
- Groovy,基于Java平台的动态语言,它具有时下比较流行的动态语言(如Python、Ruby和Smarttalk等)的一些起特性;
- Velocity,严格来说不是表达式语言,它是一种基于Java的模板匹配引擎,具说其性能要比JSP好。
Struts 2默认的表达式语言是OGNL,原因是它相对其它表达式语言具有下面几大优势:
- 支持对象方法调用,如xxx.doSomeSpecial() ;
- 支持类静态的方法调用和值访问,表达式的格式为@[类全名(包括包路径)]@[方法名 | 值名],例如:@java.lang.String@format('foo %s', 'bar') 或@tutorial.MyConstant@APP_NAME ;
- 支持赋值操作和表达式串联,如price=100, discount=0.8, calculatePrice() ,这个表达式会返回80;
- 访问OGNL上下文(OGNL context)和ActionContext;
- 操作集合对象。
OGNL的用法
OGNL是通常要结合Struts 2的标志一起使用,如<s:property value="xx" /> 等。大家经常遇到的问题是#、%和$这三个符号的使用。下面我想通过例子讲述这个问题:
首先新建名为Struts2_OGNL的Web工程,配置开发环境。之前很多朋友在使用Struts 2的过程中都遇到乱码问题。当然乱码问题由来已久,而且涉及多方面的知识,所以并非三言两语可以说明白,而且互联网上也已经有很多这方便的文章,大家可以 Google一下。不过,如果你在开发的过程,多注意一下,避免乱码问题也不难。乱码多数是由于编码与解码所使用的方式不同造成的,所以我建议大家将编码 方式都设为“utf-8”,如<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding="utf-8" %> 。另外,在配置web.xml时使用ActionContextCleanUp过滤器(Filter),如下面代码所示:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> < web-app id ="WebApp_9" version ="2.4" xmlns ="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation ="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" > < display-name > Struts 2 OGNL </ display-name > < filter > < filter-name > struts-cleanup </ filter-name > < filter-class > org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ActionContextCleanUp </ filter-class > </ filter > < filter-mapping > < filter-name > struts-cleanup </ filter-name > < url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern > </ filter-mapping > < filter > < filter-name > struts2 </ filter-name > < filter-class > org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher </ filter-class > </ filter > < filter-mapping > < filter-name > struts2 </ filter-name > < url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern > </ filter-mapping > < welcome-file-list > < welcome-file > index.html </ welcome-file > </ welcome-file-list > </ web-app > 清单1 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml
“#”主要有三种用途:
- 访问OGNL上下文和Action上下文,#相当于ActionContext.getContext();下表有几个ActionContext中有用的属性:
名称 | 作用 | 例子 |
parameters | 包含当前HTTP请求参数的Map | #parameters.id[0]作用相当于request.getParameter("id") |
request | 包含当前HttpServletRequest的属性(attribute)的Map | #request.userName相当于request.getAttribute("userName") |
session | 包含当前HttpSession的属性(attribute)的Map | #session.userName相当于session.getAttribute("userName") |
application | 包含当前应用的ServletContext的属性(attribute)的Map | #application.userName相当于application.getAttribute("userName") |
attr | 用于按request > session > application顺序访问其属性(attribute) | #attr.userName相当于按顺序在以上三个范围(scope)内读取userName属性,直到找到为止 |
- 用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合,如books.{?#this.price<100} ;
- 构造Map,如#{'foo1':'bar1', 'foo2':'bar2'} 。
下面让我们它们的具体写法,首先是Action类代码:
package tutorial.action; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletRequestAware; import org.apache.struts2.interceptor.SessionAware; import org.apache.struts2.util.ServletContextAware; import tutorial.model.Book; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; public class OgnlAction extends ActionSupport implements ServletRequestAware, SessionAware, ServletContextAware { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L ; private HttpServletRequest request; private Map < String, String > session; private ServletContext application; private List < Book > books; public void setServletRequest(HttpServletRequest request) { this .request = request; } @SuppressWarnings( " unchecked " ) public void setSession(Map session) { this .session = session; } public void setServletContext(ServletContext application) { this .application = application; } public List < Book > getBooks() { return books; } @Override public String execute() { request.setAttribute( " userName " , " Max From request " ); session.put( " userName " , " Max From session " ); application.setAttribute( " userName " , " Max From application " ); books = new LinkedList < Book > (); books.add( new Book( " 978-0735619678 " , " Code Complete, Second Edition " , 32.99 )); books.add( new Book( " 978-0596007867 " , " The Art of Project Management " , 35.96 )); books.add( new Book( " 978-0201633610 " , " Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software " , 43.19 )); books.add( new Book( " 978-0596527341 " , " Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites " , 25.19 )); books.add( new Book( " 978-0735605350 " , " Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art " , 25.19 )); return SUCCESS; } } 清单2 src/tutorial/action/OgnlAction.java
以上代码分别在request、session和application的范围内添加“userName”属性,然后再在JSP页面使用OGNL将 其取回。我还创建了Book对象的列表用于演示“用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合”的功能,至于Book的代码大家可以在我前一文章《 》看到。
下面是Ognl.jsp的代码,内容如下:
<% @ page language = " java " contentType = " text/html; charset=utf-8 " pageEncoding = " utf-8 " %> <% @ taglib prefix = " s " uri = " /struts-tags " %> <! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" > < html xmlns ="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > < head > < title > Struts OGNL Demo </ title > </ head > < body > < h3 > 访问OGNL上下文和Action上下文 </ h3 > < p > parameters: < s:property value ="#parameters.userName" /></ p > < p > request.userName: < s:property value ="#request.userName" /></ p > < p > session.userName: < s:property value ="#session.userName" /></ p > < p > application.userName: < s:property value ="#application.userName" /></ p > < p > attr.userName: < s:property value ="#attr.userName" /></ p > < hr /> < h3 > 用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合 </ h3 > < p > Books more than $35 </ p > < ul > < s:iterator value ="books.{?#this.price > 35}" > < li >< s:property value ="title" /> - $ < s:property value ="price" /></ li > </ s:iterator > </ ul > < p > The price of "Code Complete, Second Edition" is: < s:property value ="books.{?#this.title=='Code Complete, Second Edition'}.{price}[0]" /></ p > < hr /> < h3 > 构造Map </ h3 > < s:set name ="foobar" value ="#{'foo1':'bar1', 'foo2':'bar2'}" /> < p > The value of key "foo1" is < s:property value ="#foobar['foo1']" /></ p > </ body > </ html > 清单3 WebContent/Ognl.jsp
以上代码值得注意的是“<s:property value="books.{?#this.title=='Code Complete, Second Edition'}.{price}[0]"/> ”,因为“books.{?#this.title=='Code Complete, Second Edition'}.{price} ”返回的值是集合类型,所以要用“[索引]”来访问其值。
最后是Struts 2的配置文件struts.xml,内容如下:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <! DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" > < struts > < constant name ="struts.devMode" value ="true" /> < package name ="Struts2_OGNL_DEMO" extends ="struts-default" > < action name ="Ognl" class ="tutorial.action.OgnlAction" > < result > /Ognl.jsp </ result > </ action > </ package > </ struts > 清单4 src/struts.xml
发布运行应用程序,结果如下所示:
清单5 示例运行结果1 “%”符号的用途是在标志的属性为字符串类型时,计算OGNL表达式的值。例如在Ognl.jsp中加入以下代码:
< hr /> < h3 > %的用途 </ h3 > < p >< s:url value ="#foobar['foo1']" /></ p > < p >< s:url value ="%{#foobar['foo1']}" /></ p > 清单6 演示%用途的代码片段
刷新页面,结果如下所示:
清单7 示例运行结果2
“$”有两个主要的用途
- 用于在国际化资源文件中,引用OGNL表达式,例子请参考《 》
- 在Struts 2配置文件中,引用OGNL表达式,如
< action name ="AddPhoto" class ="addPhoto" > < interceptor-ref name ="fileUploadStack" /> < result type ="redirect" > ListPhotos.action?albumId=${albumId} </ result > </ action > 清单8 演示$用途的代码片段
总结
OGNL是一种功能很大的表达式语言,熟悉它可以使我们的开发变得更快捷。